Cloning
Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two! You might not believe it, but there are human clones among us right now. They weren't made in a lab, though: they're identical twins, created naturally. Below, we'll see how natural identical twins relate to modern cloning technologies. Twins have lots of the same feautures such as hair, eyes, noses, lips, etc. However, they are not exactly the same, one twin could be very skinny while on the other hand the other one could be fairly big. Now despite their similarities and differences in looks lets go deeper into their personalities. Most twins don't have the same favorites including the options of: color, food, sports, etc.
Eye Color
Different eye colors are produced because of the different amounts and
patterns of pigment in the iris. The amount of pigment and the pattern of the
pigment is determined by a person's genetic makeup. The DNA received from one's
parents determines what color eyes they will have.
Each human has 46 chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell. These are
divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes. A baby inherits one chromosome from each
parent in each pair of chromosomes. A piece of DNA on a chromosome is called a
gene. Genes are the basic unit of heredity, they determine many characteristics
about a baby. Genes also come in pairs. Alleles are found in genes and determine the appearance of any characteristic. There are two alleles for each trait inherited. If the two alleles are the same then they are homozygous for that gene. If the alleles are different, then they are called heterozygous. One allele is expressed over the other allele. This is called the dominant allele, the unexpressed allele is called recessive. For example, if there was a brown allele and a blue allele, the brown is dominant, so the person would have brown eyes. But not just one pair of genes can control a single trait. Right now there are three known gene pairs that control eye color. The bey 2 gene on chromosome 15 contains a brown and blue allele. Also on chromosome 15, the bey 1 gene is the central brown gene. On chromosome pair 19 the gey gene contains a green allele and a blue allele. However, there is a mutation that allows a humans to have eyes that are different colors, like one brown eye, and one blue eye. This is called heterochromia iridium.
patterns of pigment in the iris. The amount of pigment and the pattern of the
pigment is determined by a person's genetic makeup. The DNA received from one's
parents determines what color eyes they will have.
Each human has 46 chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell. These are
divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes. A baby inherits one chromosome from each
parent in each pair of chromosomes. A piece of DNA on a chromosome is called a
gene. Genes are the basic unit of heredity, they determine many characteristics
about a baby. Genes also come in pairs. Alleles are found in genes and determine the appearance of any characteristic. There are two alleles for each trait inherited. If the two alleles are the same then they are homozygous for that gene. If the alleles are different, then they are called heterozygous. One allele is expressed over the other allele. This is called the dominant allele, the unexpressed allele is called recessive. For example, if there was a brown allele and a blue allele, the brown is dominant, so the person would have brown eyes. But not just one pair of genes can control a single trait. Right now there are three known gene pairs that control eye color. The bey 2 gene on chromosome 15 contains a brown and blue allele. Also on chromosome 15, the bey 1 gene is the central brown gene. On chromosome pair 19 the gey gene contains a green allele and a blue allele. However, there is a mutation that allows a humans to have eyes that are different colors, like one brown eye, and one blue eye. This is called heterochromia iridium.
Common Genetic Problem
Children with chromosome abnormalities are
born with an irregular number of chromosomes (more than or fewer than 46) or
with one or more chromosomes that have irregular structures (deletions from or
duplications to parts of an individual chromosome, or with a part of one
chromosome moved to another location).
Children with Down syndrome have one extra chromosome. Physical
characteristics include a protruding tongue, thick lips, flat nose, short neck,
wide gaps between toes, short fingers, specific health problems, and risks for
heart problems and hearing loss. Mental retardation can range from mild to
severe. Children often have good visual discrimination skills and may be better
at understanding verbal language than producing it.
Only boys have Klinefelter syndrome; they have one Y chromosome and two X
chromosomes. Diagnosis may not occur until adolescence, when testes fail to
enlarge. Affected boys tend to have long legs, to grow modest breast tissue,
and to remain sterile. They tend to show lower than average verbal ability and
some speech and language delays.
Only girls have Turner syndrome; they have one X chromosome and are
missing the second sex chromosome. Affected girls have broad chests, webbed
necks, short stature, and specific health problems. They do not show normal
sexual development. They may show normal verbal ability but lower than average
ability in processing visual and spatial information.
A deletion from a gene segment on chromosome 15 is inherited from the
father. Children with this syndrome tend to become obese and show mental
retardation; they also have small hands and feet and are short in stature. They
may develop maladaptive behaviors such as throwing frequent temper tantrums and
picking at their own skin. Beginning at ages 1-6, children may eat excessively,
hoard food, and eat unappealing substances.
born with an irregular number of chromosomes (more than or fewer than 46) or
with one or more chromosomes that have irregular structures (deletions from or
duplications to parts of an individual chromosome, or with a part of one
chromosome moved to another location).
Children with Down syndrome have one extra chromosome. Physical
characteristics include a protruding tongue, thick lips, flat nose, short neck,
wide gaps between toes, short fingers, specific health problems, and risks for
heart problems and hearing loss. Mental retardation can range from mild to
severe. Children often have good visual discrimination skills and may be better
at understanding verbal language than producing it.
Only boys have Klinefelter syndrome; they have one Y chromosome and two X
chromosomes. Diagnosis may not occur until adolescence, when testes fail to
enlarge. Affected boys tend to have long legs, to grow modest breast tissue,
and to remain sterile. They tend to show lower than average verbal ability and
some speech and language delays.
Only girls have Turner syndrome; they have one X chromosome and are
missing the second sex chromosome. Affected girls have broad chests, webbed
necks, short stature, and specific health problems. They do not show normal
sexual development. They may show normal verbal ability but lower than average
ability in processing visual and spatial information.
A deletion from a gene segment on chromosome 15 is inherited from the
father. Children with this syndrome tend to become obese and show mental
retardation; they also have small hands and feet and are short in stature. They
may develop maladaptive behaviors such as throwing frequent temper tantrums and
picking at their own skin. Beginning at ages 1-6, children may eat excessively,
hoard food, and eat unappealing substances.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering is a process in which recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology is used to introduce desirable traits into organisms. A genetically engineered (GE) animal is one that
contains a recombinant DNA (rDNA) construct producing a new trait. While
conventional breeding methods have long been used to produce more desirable
traits in animals, genetic engineering is a much more targeted and powerful
method of introducing desirable traits into animals. In January 2009, FDA
issued a final guidance for industry on the regulation of genetically
engineered (GE) animals.
contains a recombinant DNA (rDNA) construct producing a new trait. While
conventional breeding methods have long been used to produce more desirable
traits in animals, genetic engineering is a much more targeted and powerful
method of introducing desirable traits into animals. In January 2009, FDA
issued a final guidance for industry on the regulation of genetically
engineered (GE) animals.
Heredity
Heredity is the genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. Our genes encode the instructions that define our traits. Each
of us has thousands of genes, which are made of DNA and reside in our chromosomes.The environment we grow up and live in also helps define our traits. For example, while a person’s genes may specify a certain hair color, exposure to chemicals or sunlight can change that color. How do we get traits from our parents?
When parents conceive a child, they each contribute one complete set to the child. In this way, parents pass genes to the child. Each parent
contributes one complete set of chromosomes to the child. This set can contain chromosome from both of the parent’s two sets. The only rule is that the child must receive exactly one of each chromosome. As a result, every child will have a unique, a product of the new combination.
of us has thousands of genes, which are made of DNA and reside in our chromosomes.The environment we grow up and live in also helps define our traits. For example, while a person’s genes may specify a certain hair color, exposure to chemicals or sunlight can change that color. How do we get traits from our parents?
When parents conceive a child, they each contribute one complete set to the child. In this way, parents pass genes to the child. Each parent
contributes one complete set of chromosomes to the child. This set can contain chromosome from both of the parent’s two sets. The only rule is that the child must receive exactly one of each chromosome. As a result, every child will have a unique, a product of the new combination.
Traits
Traits are a mechanism for code reuse in single inheritance languages such as PHP. A Trait is intended to reduce some limitations of single inheritance by enabling a developer to reuse sets of methods freely in several independent classes living in different class hierarchies. The semantics of the
combination of Traits and classes is defined in a way which reduces complexity, and avoids
the typical problems associated with multiple inheritance and Mixins.
A Trait is similar to a class, but only intended to group
functionality in a fine-grained and consistent way. It is not possible to
instantiate a Trait on its own. It is an addition to traditional inheritance
and enables horizontal composition of behavior; that is, the application of
class members without requiring inheritance.
combination of Traits and classes is defined in a way which reduces complexity, and avoids
the typical problems associated with multiple inheritance and Mixins.
A Trait is similar to a class, but only intended to group
functionality in a fine-grained and consistent way. It is not possible to
instantiate a Trait on its own. It is an addition to traditional inheritance
and enables horizontal composition of behavior; that is, the application of
class members without requiring inheritance.
Bibliography
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3. "Medeline Genetics." Dominant Genes. Web. 8 Apr. 2013.< http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html>.
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2. "Heredity & Traits." Learn.Genetics. 2004. Web. 8 Apr.2013. < http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/tour_heredity.html>.
3. "Medeline Genetics." Dominant Genes. Web. 8 Apr. 2013.< http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html>.
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5. "Traits." PHP. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. <http://www.php.net/>.
6. "What is Genetics?." News Medical. Web. 9 Apr. 2013.< http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Genetics.aspx>.